The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

Abstract: Complex random signals play an increasingly important role in array, communications, and biomedical signal processing and related fields. However, the mathematical foundations of ...

Abstract: Wafer stage is an important mechatronic unit of industrial lithography tool for manufacturing integrated circuits. This paper presents a novel state/model-free variable-gain discrete sliding ...

Discrete event systems (DES) have become pervasive in our daily lives. Examples include (but are not restricted to) manufacturing and supply chains, transportation, healthcare, call centers, and ...

The first step, before any calculations or plotting of data, is to decide what type of data one is dealing with. There are a number of typologies, but one that has proven useful is given in Table 1.1.

The relative frequency definition of probability says: If an experiment is repeated, the probability of an event (a specified outcome of the experiment) is the relative frequency of occurrence of that ...

Christina Majaski writes and edits finance, credit cards, and travel content. She has 14+ years of experience with print and digital publications. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and ...

Use this page to revise the following concepts within response and explanatory variables and association: For a more detailed explanation of bivariate, categorical, and numerical data, refer to Types ...