The terahertz quantum cascade laser on its mounting. Credit: University of Leeds Lasers that switch on and off billions of times per second are the backbone of optical communications networks, but ...

Fundamental to all wireless communications is modulation, the process of impressing the data to be transmitted on the radio carrier. Most wireless transmissions today are digital, and with the limited ...

For driving an antenna, efficient generation of a clean and stable signal is required for optimum performance of many systems. This paper focuses on methodologies to efficiently apply a pure, ...

Light and dark modulation experiments with pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplast stromal fractions pretreated with dithiothreitol (to reduce protein disulfide bonds) or with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...