Data structures and algorithms are vital elements in many computing applications. When programmers design and build applications, they need to model the application data. What this data consists of ...

Like humans, artificial intelligence learns by trial and error, but traditionally, it requires humans to set the ball rolling ...

A total aside from crypto, in order to impede spammers, a variation of PoW has been proposed for email. For example, if email programs had to solve a puzzle that took just 15 seconds before sending ...

In the age of Facebook and Netflix, the word “algorithm” has become so ubiquitous, and its connotation so amorphous, that it’s verging on jargon—maybe even cliché. The Atlantic’s Ian Bogost has ...